A destroyed house in Sanaa with crowd of rescuers in front — Photo by Ibrahem Qasim, CC BY-SA

The war on Yemen’s civilians

The war in Yemen has killed an estimated 377,000 people through direct and indirect causes. Over 150,000, including tens of thousands of civilians, have been killed in fighting, including the Saudi-led bombing campaign, while many more have died of hunger and disease in the humanitarian crisis caused by the war.

Last updated 8 September 2025

Key points

The UN has estimated that the war in Yemen, which began in March 2015, had killed 377,000 people by the end of 2021 – through direct and indirect causes. Over 150,000 of these deaths were the direct result of the armed conflict, while far more have died due to hunger and disease as a result of the humanitarian crisis caused by the war. Nearly 15,000 civilians have been killed by direct military action, most of them in air strikes by the Saudi-led Coalition. Air raids frequently targeted civilian gatherings such as weddings and busy market places where there was no military target nearby, often with extremely deadly consequences. Many of these air raids appear to be clear violations of International Humanitarian Law.

On 29 March 2022, the Saudi-led coalition announced that it would cease all hostilities within Yemen to facilitate political talks and peacekeeping efforts. This was shortly followed by a two-month truce. Within a year, peace talks between Saudi and Yemen commenced, and most restrictions on commercial goods were lifted. However, at the time of writing (September 2025) no peace deal has been secured. However, no Saudi-led coalition air raids have been recorded since the April 2022 ceasefire.

Despite the UK government’s claims to have provided training to the Coalition to avoid civilian casualties, there is no sign that the UK’s alleged efforts reduced the deadly toll of the air raids. UK-manufactured weapons have been tied to individual attacks violating International Humanitarian Law.

A devastating human toll

The war in Yemen killed over 150,000 people as a direct result of military action, from March 2015 (when Saudi Arabia and its coalition allies joined the war), until June 2019, according to data from the Yemen Data Project and ACLED, the Armed Conflict Locations and Events Data project.

This direct death toll includes nearly 15,000 civilians killed in attacks that directly targeted civilian gatherings or buildings. 8,983 of these deaths, around 60% of the total, coming from over 7,000 separate incidents, were caused by air strikes by the Saudi-led coalition.

Others were killed by landmines or improvised explosive devices (IEDs), artillery shelling, suicide bombings, shootings, and other armed violence against civilians, in attacks committed by all sides. Many more civilians, not included in the above figures, have also been killed in attacks on military targets – so-called “collateral damage”.

Key statistics

154,000

people killed as a result of military action

ACLED data

8,967

civilian deaths as a result of direct targeting by the Saudi-led coalition

Yemen Data Project

24.600+

air raids by the Saudi-led coalition

Yemen Data Project

All parties to the conflict – the Saudi-led Coalition, the Houthi fighters who control much of the country including the capital Sana’a, forces loyal to the internationally recognized Yemeni government of President Hadi, southern separatist forces supported by the UAE, various militia armed and trained by Saudi Arabia as part of the anti-Houthi forces, US forces through drone strikes, and groups such as Al Qaeda and ISIS – were responsible for numerous killings of civilians.

Reports from Yemeni NGOs such as Mwatana for Human Rights, international NGOs, and reports by the UN Panel of Experts on Yemen and the UN Group of Eminent Experts on Yemen have documented numerous violations of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) by all parties to the conflict.

The Saudi Coalition’s air war

According to the Yemen Data Project, the Saudi-led Coalition carried out 25,054 air raids in Yemen up to the end of March 2022.

Of these, around 28% were against targets that were clearly identified as civilian. These included residential areas, schools and universities, hospitals, market places, civilian vehicles, mosques, factories and businesses, crucial infrastructure including transportation and water and energy facilities, sporting and cultural sites, and farms and other agricultural facilities.

A further 39% of the targets could not be identified. Only 32% were identified as military targets.

Coalition air raids frequently targeted civilian gatherings such as weddings and busy market places where there was no military target nearby, often with extremely deadly consequences.

Despite UK government claims to have provided training to the Coalition to improve their targeting practices to avoid civilian casualties, there has been no sign that this reduced the deadly toll of the air raids. Many of these air raids, including those presented here, appear to be clear violations of IHL, an assessment shared by the UN Panel of Experts and NGOs. Some have been described as apparent war crimes.

In some cases, investigators either from the UN or NGOs have identified the types of weapons used in attacks from fragments found at the scene. Thus, specific US and UK-manufactured weapons have been tied to individual attacks violating IHL. These cases are documented in various UN Panel of Experts reports, and the report Day of Judgement by Yemeni NGO Mwatana for Human Rights.

An interactive timemap by Forensic Architecture shows details of hundreds of attacks on civilians up to mid-2019, combined with evidence of the complicity of European governments and arms companies. It also shows where particular attacks can be definitely, or possibly linked to specific supplier countries and companies.

The truce

On 2 April 2022, the parties to the conflict agreed a two-month truce. This followed normalisation of relations between Saudi Arabia and Iran, mediated by China. The truce was renewed twice, but ended at the beginning of October. Despite this, there has not been a return to full-blown warfare, although sporadic fighting has continued both during and after the truce. Saudi Arabia and the Houthis have been engaged in protracted peace negotiations, but no breakthrough has yet been achieved, and the process does not yet directly include the official government of Yemen, or other armed groups such as the Southern Transitional Council, which seeks independence for southern Yemen.

Thankfully, air strikes by the Saudi-led coalition have not resumed, and there have been no air strikes since the beginning of the truce in April 2022. However, in the absence of an actual peace deal, the risk of a return to war, including Saudi air strikes, cannot be ruled out. Judging by UK arms export licences to Saudi Arabia during 2022, they have been replenishing their stocks of air-launched munitions, which would be used in the event of a resumption of hostilities.

The period since the truce has also seen some relaxation of Saudi restrictions on Houthi-held ports and airports, including allowing a limited number of flights from Sana’a airport. However, some restrictions remain, continuing to exacerbate Yemen’s parlous humanitarian situation.

Human rights abuses by all parties on the ground have remained rife, with the Houthis in particular becoming increasingly repressive in their rule in the areas they control. Women’s rights have suffered severely, with the Houthis banning women from travel without a male “guardian”. Repression of civil society has deepened across the country. Yemeni human rights group Mwatana for Human Rights have continued to investigate abuses by all parties, and to call for national and international efforts for accountability for violations – something which is currently almost completely absent.

Book cover entitled "day of judgement" the rule of the US and Europe in civilian death destruction and trauma in Yemen. Picture of ruined Yemen houses behind title.

Bombing of a wedding party in Bani Qais

"The situation was tragic. Body parts were everywhere. It was like the Day of Judgement"

Source: Mwatana, Day of Judgement, 2019

At about 10 p.m. on Sunday, April 22, 2018, Saudi/UAE-led Coalition airplanes dropped a US-made GBU-12 bomb on a wedding celebration in Al-Raqa village, Bani Qais District, Hajjah Governorate.

Of the 150 to 200 people gathered to celebrate the wedding of 20-year-old shepherd Yahya Al-Musabi, the attack killed twenty-one, including eleven children, and injured ninety-seven, including forty-eight children and two women.

55-year-old farmer Fadhl Al-Musabi, one of the wedding guests, was celebrating at the groom’s house at the time of the attack. Fadhl recalled the moments before the airstrike: “We were dancing happily like any other people who had weddings. It was a happy time and people were happy…I could hear the jets hovering overhead, and I was praying that things would go well that day.”

Suddenly, one of the guests began shouting for people to evacuate the wedding tent. Fadhl began running toward the bridal party. As Fadhl ran, a Coalition bomb soared through the air. “I saw a bomb and heard it whistle. I saw the bomb in the sky with a flame emerging from it. I could not move… I prayed to Allah that my daughter and wife be safe.” The bomb struck the groom’s wedding tent. Fadhl described the aftermath of the deadly attack: “The situation was tragic. Body parts were everywhere. It was like the Day of Judgment.”

The situation was tragic. Body parts were everywhere. It was like the Day of Judgement

Fadhl Al-Musabi, wedding guest. From Mwatana, Day of Judgement

The Saudi/UAE-led Coalition airstrike appears to have been indiscriminate. Researchers and witnesses did not identify any military targets in the area at the time of the attack—the closest military site identified was a checkpoint about twenty-five kilometers away. Mwatana did not find any evidence to indicate that combatants were present at or near the wedding.

Seven campaigners holding signs standing behind 20 blue school bags. Signs are at a distance but appear to relate to Yemen and a school bus bombing — Charles Edward Miller on Flickr

Bombing of a school bus in Dayhan

"For a group of boys in northern Yemen, Thursday was supposed to be a celebration -- a much-anticipated field trip marking their graduation from summer school."

CNN report: Yemen school bus attack

An air strike on a busy market place in Dayhan, Sa’dah killed between 43 and 51 civilians, and injured 63. Most of those killed were children, when the school bus in which they were travelling was hit by the explosion.

The children were on a field trip, visiting a graveyard containing shrines to local martyrs. A local hospital run by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) received the bodies of 29 children from the attack. The attack caused widespread outrage, and was condemned by the UN Secretary General Antonio Gutteres.

Saudi Arabia initially defended the attack as being against a ‘legitimate military target’, despite there being no evidence of Houthi military activity in the area, according to the UN Panel of Experts on Yemen. Later, the Coalition’s Joint Investigation and Assessment Team (JIAT) admitted that the attack had been a mistake and had violated rules of engagement. However, there is no evidence that they followed up a pledge to hold those responsible accountable.

Remnants of a laser-guided Paveway bomb produced by Lockheed Martin were found near the scene of the strike.

Does the world really need more innocent children’s lives to stop the cruel war on children in Yemen?

Geert Cappelaere, Unicef’s regional director in the Middle East and North Africa, in response to the school bus bombing. Source: UNICEF.

Signs Stop weapons sales to Saudi Arabia and Targeting a school bus is not a legitimate military operation; held by two activists, one wearing a beard and flat cap. The other wearing a pink and purple hat. — Photo: Charles Edward Miller on Flickr

Chronology of air raids

Air raids have frequently targeted civilian gatherings such as weddings and busy market places where there was no military target nearby, often with extremely deadly consequences.